Clinical Case Presentation November 2023

Prepared by: Nurulakmal Obet

Hospital Selayang

Supervisor: Dato’ Dr Tunku Muzafar Shah

Case Scenario

Mr LKL

77 year old Chinese gentleman

Comorbidities:

• Hypertension

• Dyslipidaemia

• Psoriasis

• History of stroke with right hemiparesis (Jan 2021)

• Major Neurocognitive Disorder likely VaD – diagnosed 2021

• Closed right intertrochanteric fracture – DHS done April 2023

Cognitive History

• Post stroke in 2021 noted deterioration in memory

• Short term memory loss

• Occasionally unable to recognize families and friends

• Able to converse with carer but slower

• Started developing visual hallucinations (seeing strangers in the house), becoming agitated and wandering at night, knocking on doors, attempted to get out of the house

• No depressive symptoms

• Sleep : difficult to sleep at night

Premorbid Condition

• Prior to stroke in Jan 2021 – independent of IADL/BADL

• IADL – driving around, like to go out, managing own finances, able to operate smart phone and tv remote controller

• Post stroke Jan 2021

• IADL - (1) stop driving – could not find his way home

(2) stop playing games and using smart phone

• BADL – need assistance (1p) and prompting to bathe, can dress and groom himself, able to self feed

Current Medication

• T Cardiprin 100 mg OD

• T Simvastatin 40 mg O

• T Pantoprazole 40 mg OD

• T Rocalcitriol 0.25 mcg OD

• T Calcium Carbonate 1 gm OD

• T Fosamax 70 mg weekly

• T Donepezil 10 mg OD

• T Escitalopram 5 mg ON

Summary of medications used

Please refer to the tables for details indication of the medication usage

Clinic Visit 27 Sept 2023

• Came with Indonesian carer – has been with patient for 20 years

• Complained off involuntary movements - repetitive tongue protrusion with head nodding for few months since June 2023

• Associated with drooling from the mouth

• Difficulty with feeding

• No new medication introduced since May 2023

• Denies any pain over the face, tongue, throat, gum or teeth area

• No supplement/ over the counter / traditional medication

Further History

• BADL - Semi dependent,

1. Able to feed and dress self, need help and prompting with bathing and need help with personal hygiene and grooming

• Mobility – can mobilize with Zimmer frame at home and using wheelchair outside the house

• Mood/Behavior

1. No depressive symptoms,

2. No agitation and aggressiveness

3. Visual hallucinations- on going but mild -seeing own siblings and small children

4. Worse if the patient does not get a good night sleep

Social History

• Married with 3 children with another 2 adopted children

• Wife passed away for >10 years

• Not on good term with children

• Supported by his own savings

• Carer – Indonesian lady

1. Has been working for the patient for 20 years, initially helped in running food stall

2. Started taking care of the patient in term of ADL post stroke

3. Has an 18 year old daughter who helps with care

Physical examination

• Calm, well-kempt

• Good eyes contact

• Answers relevantly, orientated to person and place, but not to time

• BP: 132/86 P: 74

• Lungs: clear

• CVS: S1+ S2 no murmur

• No pedal oedema

1. Speech - slurred

2. Gait – short steps, not ataxic, unsteady

3. Noted repetitive involuntary tongue protruding with head nodding

4. Drooling of saliva

5. Tone: normal bilateral UL and LL

6. Power: grade 4 bilateral UL and LL

7. Reflexes: normal bilaterally

8. Barbinski: equivocal bilaterally

9. Sensation intact – proprioception and pinprick

10. MMSE: 16/ 27 (orientation 5/10 , registration 3/3 attention 2/5, recall 0/3 language: 6/8, construction 0/1)

Investigations

• FBS : 4.8 HBA1c: 5.8

• WCC: 9.2 Hb: 14.2 PLT: 207

• Urea: 3.9 Na: 142 K: 3.2 Create: 79 Mg: 0.87

• Bilirubin: 15.4 ALT: 9.3 AST: 15 ALP: 89 Albumin: 36.2

• Total Cholesterol: 4.5 TG: 0.9 HDL: 1.61 LDL: 2.5

Questions

1. What is the possible diagnosis?

2. How would you manage this?

3. What are the management options for behavior and psychological aspect of dementia in this patient?